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For most investment grade companies, then, it is much easier to evaluate the distribution of changes in firm value
over the range of changes that encompasses not default, but just a ratings downgrade. For example, using the Moody’s transition matrix data (Table 1), one can say with some confidence that an A rated firm has a 5.67% chance on average of being downgraded to a Baa rating over a one year period; in other words, such an event is expected to happen in more than one year out of 20. (In contrast, default is expected to happen in approximately one year out of a 1,000.) Because of the abundance of data on downgrades as opposed to defaults for A rated companies, the distribution of changes in firm value that corresponds to a downgrade to Baa can be estimated more precisely. Over that much narrower range of possible outcomes, the problems created by “asymmetries” in the distribution of firm value changes and the so called “fat tail” problems (where extreme negative outcomes are more likely than predicted by common statistical distributions) are not likely to be as severe. In such cases, management may have greater confidence in its estimates of the distribution of value changes corresponding to a downgrade rather than a default and will be justified in focusing on managing the probability of a downgrade.
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